AS CONTRIBUIÇÕES LATINO-AMERICANAS PARA A TEORIA CRÍTICA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO - Kay, Cristóbal (Caderno CRH, 2019)
Neste artigo, exploro a genealogia da contribuição crucial que os cientistas sociais latino-americanos fizeram para os estudos de desenvolvimento durante a segunda metade do século XX. Os estruturalistas contestaram a teoria convencional do comércio internacional, que havia sido proposta pelos teóricos do norte. Os teóricos da dependência criticaram as interpretações ortodoxas do subdesenvolvimento, como as propostas pelos teóricos da modernização, também principalmente do Norte. Aponto duas vertentes da teoria da dependência. Uma emergiu do processo de autocrítica de estruturalistas, e a outra teve suas raízes no marxismo crítico. Com o surgimento do neoliberalismo, alguns estruturalistas de dependência desenvolveram o neoestruturalismo, enquanto alguns dependentistas marxistas desenvolveram a teoria do sistema mundial. As idéias de pensadores estruturalistas e de dependência geraram debates acirrados, capazes de desafiar suas teorias ortodoxas, centradas no Norte, e de propor uma teoria alternativa do desenvolvimento do Sul. THE LATIN AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO CRITICAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY In this article I explore the genealogy of the crucial contribution which Latin American social scientists made to development studies during the second half of the twentieth century. The structuralists, through their centre-periphery paradigm, disputed the conventional theory of international trade which had been proposed the theorists from the North. In turn, dependency theorists critiqued the orthodox interpretations of underdevelopment, such as those proposed by modernization theorists, also mainly from the North. It is important to distinguish between two strands within dependency theory. One emerged from a process of self-criticism by structuralists and the other had its roots in critical Marxism. With the rise of neoliberalism some dependency structuralists developed neostructuralism while some Marxist dependentistas developed worldsystem theory. The ideas of structuralist and dependency thinkers generated fierce debates. They were able to challenge their orthodox and Northerncentric theories and propose an alternative critical theory of development from the South. Keywords: Structuralism. Internal colonialism. Marginality. Dependency theory. Neostructuralisms. LES CONTRIBUTIONS DE L’AMÉRIQUE LATINE À LA THÉORIE CRITIQUE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT Dans cet article, j’explore la généalogie de la contribution cruciale que les chercheurs en sciences sociales d’Amérique latine ont apportée aux études sur le développement au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. Les structuralistes ont contesté la théorie conventionnelle du commerce international qui avait été proposée aux théoriciens du Nord. Les théoriciens de la dépendance ont critiqué les interprétations orthodoxes du sous-développement, telles que celles proposées par les théoriciens de la modernisation, aussi principalement du Nord. Il est important de distinguer deux volets dans la théorie de la dépendance. L’un a émergé d’un processus d’autocritique par les structuralistes et l’autre a ses racines dans le marxisme critique. Avec la montée du néolibéralisme, certains structuralistes dépendants ont développé le néostructuralisme tandis que certains dépendantistes marxistes ont développé la théorie du système mondial. Les idées des penseurs structuralistes et dépendants ont suscité de vifs débats. Mots clés: Structuralisme. Colonialisme interne. Marginalité. Théorie de la dépendance. Néostructuralisme.