O VIÉS ANTROPOMÓRFICO: INTERFACES DO ESPECISMO NA UTILIZAÇÃO DA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL EM ANIMAIS NÃO-HUMANOS E A EMERGÊNCIA DA ÉTICA ALGORITMICA PAUTADA NA EXPERIÊNCIA DO DIREITO ANIMAL

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.9771/rbda.v19i0.61944

Keywords:

Antropocentrismo, Direito Animal, Especismo, Inteligência Artificial, Senciência

Abstract

The general objective of this article is to investigate the human anthropocentric character regarding the performance of Artificial Intelligence in non-human animals and to investigate the emergence of an algorithmic ethics external to these processes strongly impacted by the presumption of the existence of an animal right. To do so, we start from the following research problem: how anthropomorphic bias influences and drives the implementation of Artificial Intelligence in non-human animals and how algorithmic ethics can be developed and applied to mitigate speciesism, considering experience and principles of Animal Law? We start from the preliminary hypothesis that most human values ​​are speciesist, so AI will reproduce such understandings even without explicit programming to do so, and although Artificial Intelligence is presented as an emancipatory tool, it still operates beneficial objectives for humans. The specific objectives are three: a) understand the current legal status of non-human animals and the impact of the terminology of “science” in this context; b) evaluate how Artificial Intelligence impacts non-human animals at the same time; c) glimpse the ideological fact that obliterates such processes and ethical perspectives regarding the performance and regulation of Artificial Intelligence. It ends by confirming the hypothesis. Use the hypothetical-deductive methodology.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Fernanda Viero da Silva, UNIJUÍ

Doutoranda em Direito pelo Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Direito da UNIJUÍ.  Mestre em Direito. Bolsista CAPES/PROSUC e integrante do Grupo de Pesquisa Direitos Humanos, Democracia e Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação.

Mateus de Oliveira Fornasier, UNIJUÍ

Professor do Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu (Mestrado e Doutorado) em Direitos Humanos da Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI). Doutor em Direito Público pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS, Brasil), com Pós-Doutorado em Direito pela University of Westminster (Reino Unido). Integrante do Grupo de Pesquisa Biopolítica e Direitos Humanos. 

References

AMODEI, D. et al. Concrete problems in AI safety. Arxiv, vol. 01, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1606.06565

ANDRADE, Fernanda; ZAMBAM, Neuro José. A condição de sujeito de direito dos animais humanos e não humanos e o critério da senciência. Revista Brasileira de Direito Animal, vol. 11, n° 23, 2016, p. 143-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9771/rbda.v11i23.20373.

ATAÍDE JUNIOR, Vicente de Paula; LIMA, Yuri Fernandes. TEORIA DAS CAPACIDADES JURÍDICAS ANIMAIS. Revista Brasileira de Direito Animal, vol. 19, n° 02, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9771/rbda.v19i0.59041.

BARTLETT, Steven J. Raízes da resistência humana aos direitos dos animais: Bloqueios psicológicos e conceituais. Revista Brasileira de Direito Animal, vol. 02, n° 03, p. 17-66, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9771/rbda.v2i3.10357.

BASTOS, Elísio Augusto Velloso. Direitos para os animais não-humanos? Algumas teorias filosóficas a respeito. Revista Brasileira de Direito Animal, vol. 13, n° 02, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9771/rbda.v13i2.27933.

BATESON, P. Assessment of pain in animals. Anim. Behav,1991. DOI: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/ S0003- 3472(05) 80127-7.

BELCHIOR, Garmana Parente Neiva; DIAS, Marian Ravely Martins Soares. OS ANIMAIS DE ESTIMAÇÃO COMO MEMBROS DO AGRUPAMENTO FAMILIAR. Revista Brasileira de Direito Animal, vol. 15, n° 03, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9771/rbda.v15i3.38788.

BENDEL, O. Advanced driver assistance systems and animals. Künstl Intell, 2014, p. 263–269. DOI: 10.1007/s13218-014-0332-1.

BLATTNER, Charlotte. An Assessment of Recent Trade Law Developments from an Animal Law Perspective: Trade Law as the Sheep in Wolf’s Clothing, Animal Law Review, 2016. Disponível em: https://law.lclark.edu/live/files/32129-22-2-blattnerpdf. Acesso em: 20 maio 2024.

BRASIL. Lei nº 10.406, de 10 de janeiro de 2002. Institui o Código Civil. Diário Oficial da União. Brasília, DF, 2002. Disponível em: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/2002/l10406compilada.htm. Acesso em: 20 maio 2022.

BROWN, Donald E. Human Universals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.

BORGES, Daniel Moura. A DECLARAÇÃO UNIVERSAL DOS DIREITOS DOS ANIMAIS: SUA APLICAÇÃO ENQUANTO SOFT LAW E HARD LAW. Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-graduação em Direito da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2015. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufba.br/handle/ri/18719. Acesso em: 15 maio 2024.

BOSTROM, N. Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

CHANG, C. et al. Applying artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to implement a practical smart cage aquaculture management system. J. Med. Biol. Eng., 2021, p. 652–658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40846-021-00621-3

CHENG, Y. A development architecture for the intelligent animal care and management system based on the internet of things and artificial intelligence. International Confer ence on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC), 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAIIC.2019.8669015

CHESSMAN, Christian F. NOT QUITE HUMAN: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, ANIMALS, AND THE REGULATION OF SENTIENT PROPERTY. SSRN, 2018. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3200802.

CHIESA, Luis E. Why Is It a Crime to Stomp on a Goldfish? Harm, Victimhood and the Structure of Anticruelty Offenses. Mississippi Law Journal, 2008. Disponível em: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/480/. Acesso em: 20 maio 2024.

CHRISTINE, K. Fellow creatures: our obligations to the other animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.

COGHLAN, Simon; PARKER, Christine. Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework. Philosophy & Technology, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00627-6

CORNOU, C. Automation systems for farm animals: Potential Impacts on the human AND animal relationship and on animal welfare. Anthrozoös, 2009, p. 213–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2752/175303709X 457568.

COSTA, Deborah Regina Lambach Ferreira; FERREIRA, Fabiano Montiani. O direito dos animais de companhia. Revista Brasileira de Direito Animal, vol. 13, n° 02, 2018, p. 24-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9771/rbda.v13i2.27939.

DARWIN, C. R. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. Volume 1. 1st edition, 1871.

DEGELING, C.; LEDERMAN, Zohar; ROCK, Melanie. Culling and the common good: Re-evaluating harms and benefits under the one health paradigm. Public Health Ethics, 2016, p.244–254. DOI: 10.1093/phe/phw019.

EZANNO et al. Research perspectives on animal health in the era of artificial intelligence. Veterinary Research, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-021-00902-4

FIGUEIREDO, Carla Regina; CABRAL, Flávio Garcia. Inteligência artificial: machine learning na Administração Pública. International Journal of Digital Law, n° 01, 2020. DOI: 10.47975/IJDL/1figueiredo.

FRANCIONE, Gary L. Animals, Property & the Law. Filadélfia: Temple U Press, 1995.

FORNASIER, Mateus de Oliveira; TONDO, Ana Lara. Experimentação Animal na Indústria de cosméticos e teoria do direito: uma análise sistêmica dos “direitos humanos dos animais”. Revista Brasileira de Direito Animal, vol 12, n° 02, 2017, p. 43-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9771/rbda.v12i02.22943.

FUENTES, S. et al. Artificial intelligence applied to a robotic dairy farm to model milk productivity and quality based on cow data and daily environmental parameters. Sensors, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102975.

GERAQUE, Eduardo. Inteligência artificial reduz uso de animais em testes de laboratório. Revista Veja, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.uol.com.br/vivabem/noticias/redacao/2019/07/19/inteligencia-artificial-reduz-uso-de-animais-em-testes-de-laboratorio.htm. Acesso em: 10 maio 2024.

GONÇALVES, Carlos Roberto. Direito civil esquematizado. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2012.

HARRIS, E. E. Ancestors in our genome: the new science of human Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

HARTUNG, Thomas. Opinion: AI Beats Animal Testing at Finding Toxic Chemicals. The Scientist Magazine. Disponível em: https://www.the-scientist.com/opinion--ai-beats-animal-testing-at-finding-toxic-chemicals-65795. Acesso em: 25 maio 2024.

HORTA, O. The scope of the argument from species overlap. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 2014, p. 142–154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12051

HORTA, O. What is speciesism? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental and Ethics, 2010, p. 243–266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-009-9205-2.

LEITÃO, Alexandra. Os espetáculos e outras formas de exibição de animais. In: DUARTE, Maria Luísa; GOMES, Carla Amado (Coords). Direito (do) Animal. Coimbra: Almedina, 2016.

LUHMANN, Niklas. Ecological Communication. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989.

LUPTON, Deborah. From human-centric digital health to digital One Health: Crucial new directions for mutual flourishing. DIGITAL HEALTH, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20552 076221129103.

MANCINI, C. Animal-computer interaction: A manifesto. Interactions, 2011, p. 69–73. DOI: 10.1145/1978822.1978836.

MANCINI, T., MARATEA, M., RICCA, F. Experimental evaluation of algorithms for solving problems with combinatorial explosion In: MANCINI T., MARATEA, M., RICCA, F (eds) AI Communications, vol. 29, n° 02, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/AIC-160701.

MCDOUGAL, Tony. Could AI robotics revolutionise poultry processing in the US? Poultry World, 2023. Disponível em: https://www.poultryworld.net/the industrymarkets/processing/artificial-intelligent-robotic-automation-set-to-revolutionise-poultry-processing-in-us/. Acesso em: 17 maio 2023.

MEDEIROS, Fernanda Luiza Fontoura; ALBUQUERQUE, Letícia. Experimentação animal: um combate jurídico nas universidades brasileiras. Revista Internacional Interdisciplinar INTERthesis. vol. 12, n° 01, 2015. p. 65-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5007/1807-1384.2015v12n1p65.

NACONECY, Carlos. Ética & animais: um guia de argumentação filosófica. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs, 2006.

PETER, S. Animal liberation, New York: Harper Perennial, 1975.

PLUHAR, E. B. Beyond prejudice: The moral significance of human and nonhuman animals. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.

REDAÇÃO TERRA. Sistema Usa Inteligência Artificial para detectar animais selvagens em estradas. Terra, 2024. Disponível em: https://www.terra.com.br/planeta/sistema-usa-inteligencia-artificial-para-detectar-animais-selvagens-em-estradas,5647d161d69ce1abca35708476a21ad8f8yuc8pq.html?utm_source=clipboard. Acesso em: 20 maio 2024.

RUSSEL, Stuart; NORVIG, Peter. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. 3ª Ed, Pearson Eduacation. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2009.

SADEGHI, M. et al. An intelligent procedure for the detection and classification of chick ens infected by clostridium perfringens based on their vocaliza tion. Braz. J. Poult. Sci., 2015, p. 537–544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-635X1704537-544

SANDERS, Bas. “Global Animal Slaughter Statistics & Charts. Faunalytics, 2020. Disponível em: https://faunalytics.org/global-animal-slaughter-statistics-and-charts-2020-update/. Acesso em: 15 maio de 2023.

SCANLON, T. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2000.

SEBO, J. Saving animals, saving ourselves: Why animals matter for pandemics, climate change, and other catastrophes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.

SEPS, Christopher D. Animal Law Evolution: Treating Pets as Persons in Tort and Custody Disputes. University of Illinois law review, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2010/4/Seps.pdf. Acesso em: 26 maio 2024.

SHANAHAN, Murray et al. Artificial Intelligence and the Common Sense of Animals. Trendsin Cognitive Sciences, vol. 24, n°. 11, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.09.002

SILVA, Diego Coimbra; RECH, Adir Ubaldo. A superação do antropocentrismo: uma necessária reconfiguração da interface homem-natureza. Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFMG, vol. 41, n° 02, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v41i2.42609

SINGER, Peter; TSE, Yip Fai. AI Ethics: the case for including animals. AI and Ethics, vol. 03, 2022, p. 539-551. DOI: 10.1007/s43681-022-00187-z.

SINGER, P. Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals. New York: HarperCollins, 1975.

STEINER, G. Anthropocentrism and its discontents: The moral status of animals in the history of western philosophy. Pittsburg: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010.

TOOBY, John; COSMIDES, Leda. The Psychological Foundations of Culture. In: BARKOW, J. H; COSMIDES; TOOBY (Eds.) The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 19-136.

VIEIRA, Leonardo Marques. Algorítmicos: Caso COMPAS. 2019 Brazilian Technology Symposium. Anais. 2019. Disponível em: https://lcv.fee.unicamp.br/images/BTSym-19/Papers/090.pdf. Acesso em: 12 maio 2024.

WADIWEL, D. The war against animals. Leida: Brill, 2015.

WICKLUND, Petra Renee. Review: Abrogating Property Status in the Fight for Animal Rights. Yale Law Review, 1997, p. 569-574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/797265.

YUDKOWSKY, Eliezer. Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk. In: BOSTROM, Nick; ĆIRKOVIĆ, M. (Eds.). Global Catastrophic Risks. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

ZIESCHE, Soenke. AI Ethics and Value Alignment for Nonhuman Animals. Philosophies, 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ philosophies6020031.

ZIMPEL, T. et al. Machine learning for predicting animal welfare risks in pig farming. Landtechnik, 2021, p. 24–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15150/lt.2021.3261

Published

2024-08-29

How to Cite

Viero da Silva, F., & de Oliveira Fornasier, M. . (2024). O VIÉS ANTROPOMÓRFICO: INTERFACES DO ESPECISMO NA UTILIZAÇÃO DA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL EM ANIMAIS NÃO-HUMANOS E A EMERGÊNCIA DA ÉTICA ALGORITMICA PAUTADA NA EXPERIÊNCIA DO DIREITO ANIMAL. Brazilian Animal Law Journal, 19(3), V062403. https://doi.org/10.9771/rbda.v19i0.61944